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Biology Extended Essay Sample Topics
Tuesday, August 25, 2020
To what extent does the fashion industry take part in unethical Essay
How much does the style business participate in dishonest conduct to expand retail deals - Essay Example Researchers are thusly worried on whether these organizations meet the costs that are acquired after powerful advancement and commercial activities (Farrell, and Brian 1998, p.589). Another center issue of concern is the similitudes of new apparel forms in the market. The main contrasts in a large portion of the garments that are sold in contemporary market are the name of the organization instead of the plan and nature of the item. Moreover, by considering the current worldwide budgetary conditions, researchers are too worried on whether worldwide organizations make their normal benefit on their deals. In this way, by alluding to the available literary works, obviously, a decent number of dress enterprises takes part in deceptive practices to expand their deals and productivity (Cory 2005, p. 79). Worldwide garments businesses take part in offering deceiving data to clients on the quality and strength of their attire items to build their deals. By alluding to the accessible principles and guidelines just as moral gauges, it is morally and lawfully unseemly to offer misdirecting, bogus, and tricky data with respect to the quality and nature of items to likely clients. In their advancement and publicizing activity, worldwide attire enterprises are regularly known for exaggerating the nature of their items and administrations with a point of drawing in more clients to buying their items. What's more, founded on the accessible exploration discoveries, salespersons in legitimate apparel ventures misrepresented the costs of their items so as to build their deals. Under the current principles and guidelines on advancement and notice, sales rep and friends that gives deluding data ought to be indicted under the official courtroom (Agresti 2002, p. 91). Some worldwide dress enterprises are normal known for offering mistaken data in regards to their
Saturday, August 22, 2020
Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 48
Outline - Essay Example The importance of this article could be investigated from the potential entanglements that the unexamined appropriation of mechanical advancements may bring to the corporate world and some other complex association. While contending for the cooperative energies, which coordinated frameworks have brought to offer and complex associations, the creator stirs the corporate world to the probability of similar frameworks to grant incredible difficulties that may obstruct the exhibition of the organizations. The article sounds as a preventative suggestion to firms on the different specialized and operational issues that must be placed into thought before receiving the incorporated frameworks. As a proviso, the article places into subtleties issues of similarity and security matters that must be considered before drawing in the administrations of incorporated frameworks. This article is clever to supervisors as a warning piece in regards to the degree to which they may grasp innovative frameworks inside their associations. By perusing this article, directors can settle on astute and cognizant choices, which may incorporate the improvement of fitting emotionally supportive networks that may shield their associations from the dangers and difficulties that are depicted by the writer. The article may likewise be utilized as a guide on the decisions of the most appropriate Enterprise framework with explicit spotlight on their degrees of similarity with the
Friday, August 7, 2020
The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol Abuse
The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol Abuse Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Relationship Between Social Anxiety and Alcohol Abuse By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 04, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 14, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Dave and Les Jacobs /Getty Images If you have social anxiety disorder, you have about a 20% chance of also suffering with alcohol abuse. About 2% to 13% of the general population is estimated to have social anxiety disorder (SAD), making it potentially the third most common disorder behind depression and alcoholism. Its no wonder, then, that these two disorders often occur together. Which usually comes first: SAD or alcoholism? If you have been diagnosed with both disorders, chances are that you were diagnosed with SAD first, about 10 years before developing a full-blown problem with alcohol. Most people say that they first start drinking as a way to manage social anxiety. Over time, drinking habits can develop and become a problem in their own right. Drinking too much can hurt your personal relationships, affect your life at school or work, and may even lead to problems with the law. Treatment Options for Alcoholism and SAD If you have been diagnosed with alcoholism and SAD, treatments that are used with people who have just SAD may not be as helpful for you. If you are a teenager or young adult, chances are that your drinking has not yet developed into full-blown alcoholism. At this stage, if you are drinking, it is probably just a coping strategy for situations that make you anxious or nervous. If you are in this age group, standard treatments for SAD will probably be helpful in overcoming your social anxiety and may even prevent a problem with alcohol from developing. However, if you have already been diagnosed with alcoholism, treatment for SAD alone is not likely to help you overcome your problems with alcohol. By the same token, a treatment designed for alcoholism alone is not likely to help you overcome social fears. Your doctor or therapist should design a treatment plan that takes into account the unique problems that go along with having both SAD and alcoholism. For example, receiving treatment for SAD first might make it easier for you to take part in treatment for alcoholism such as group therapy or Alcoholics Anonymous. Find Relief With the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups Medication Recommendations Certain medications used in the treatment of SAD may not be recommended for people with alcoholism. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) interact with tyramine, an amino acid found in some alcoholic beverages. Mixing alcohol and MAOIs can be a potentially dangerous combination and therefore may not be recommended for people who have problems with alcohol and are likely to drink. Benzodiazepines and alcohol both affect an area of the brain responsible for maintaining breathing; mixing the two substances could shut down that area of the brain with potentially fatal consequences. Benzodiazepines can also be habit-forming and therefore may not be recommended for people who have a tendency toward addiction. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are usually the best medication option for treating SAD in people who also have alcohol use disorders. SSRIs are not habit-forming and there is some evidence that one particular SSRI, Paxil (paroxetine), may reduce the use of alcohol as a coping strategy in social situations. Despite these advantages, one does need to exercise some caution in using alcohol with SSRIs as the effects on the central nervous system can sometimes be unpredictable. Risk of Relapse People who are treated for alcohol problems but not underlying social anxiety are more likely to start drinking again than people who donât have SAD. In fact, in terms of anxiety disorders, SAD is linked to the highest risk for drinking after ending alcoholism treatment. If you think about it, this makes sense. Many people who have SAD report that drinking is their number one coping strategy aside from avoiding social situations altogether. Treating an alcohol problem without providing appropriate coping strategies to manage social anxiety doesnât give people the tools needed to overcome both problems. What Does This Mean for Me? If you suspect that you have a problem with both social anxiety and alcohol, it is best to see a doctor or therapist to talk about the difficulty you are having in both areas. Together you can create a plan for treatment that will address your concerns. Remember that these problems developed over a long period and that they wonât be solved overnight; however, by seeking the treatment you are making the first step in the right direction.
Saturday, May 23, 2020
Sustainability Defies Exact Definition And Achievability Business Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 15 Words: 4512 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Viewed from economic aspects alone, sustainability can be defined in relation to an economy which is sustainable because of its dynamic efficiency and maximization of total welfare functions over a time frame (Stavins, et al, 2002). However, sustainability commonly concerns issues relating to society, environment or economy which three dimensions are perceived as to be mutually interdependent and not independent of one another (Omann, 2004, p. 68). Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Sustainability Defies Exact Definition And Achievability Business Essay" essay for you Create order Environmental sustainability accepts the premise that natural resources are expendable and can not be sustained forever (Dyllick and Hockerts, 1999). Environmental sustainability efforts include waste management and processes for recycling waste by production firms. Indeed, life support globally implies the need for regulating food, water, air, waste breakdown, soil fertility, and climate behavior. Economists like Pezzey (1989) and Solow (1993) aver that sustainability relates to the maintaining of a utility or welfare of a typical member of society. Economical sustainability is based on attempts to sustain financial viability or achieve optimum financial goals and is driven by the business attitude of businesses which implies the maximizing of shareholder or stakeholder value by firms (Doig, 1999). Firms can however attain both financial goals as well as larger social objectives (Duncan, 2002) while social sustainability implies a definition and need to achieve social capital (Putna m, 2000). Indeed, Putnam views social capital as being constituted of the various norms, principles, values, relationships, networks, etc. Gladwin, et al (1995, p. 2) even observe that organizations can become socially sustainable by internalizing social costs, foster democracy and also add to community value, while Dyllick and Hockerts (1999, p. 134) consider social sustainability as effective if it can help the various stakeholders to better understand social capital issues as well as align their aspirations with larger interests of society. Other research (Viederman, 1994) views sustainability as being a participatory process that both creates and follows a concept of community which can make effective use of all types of resources like human, natural, synthetic, human-scientific, technological, social, cultural, and so on. Achievable sustainability can thus be taken to mean the attainment of a social system for satisfying needs of the community at large, better protecting the en vironment, effecting and sustaining high levels of economic growth and assuring human development (Church, 2003). Sustainability involves the economy as well as the fundamental ecological and environmental systems and the broader social fabric containing the economy itself (Norton and Toman, 1997). Broadly speaking, sustainable development or sustainability is not only an ecologic-scientific concept that attempts to view it as delimiting the exploitation of nature or the environment, but more fundamentally is the formulation of the ethical ideal of equity as well as a balanced approach as between benefits and damages (Arnold, et al, 2001). Indeed, this ethic-normative view of sustainability represents the byword of the good and the right (Thielemann, 2004). Sustainability implies an ability to face uncertain events like hazards, sudden changes, innovations, etc. (Bruckmeier, p. 1389) while other research (Holling, 2001, p. 390) views sustainability as a continued game of trying and maintaining an adaptive ability. Sustainability thus defies an exact definition and essentially attempts to resolve problems like poverty, population explosion, wellbeing of humans, economic growth, industrialization and its unintended consequences, the destruction of the environment, climate change, depleting resources, a dis-embedded globalizing economy, etc. (Bruckmeier, 2009). Sustainability seems impossible to achieve, because it has a vague conceptual nature, such concepts are often disputed, involves complex problems that need to be resolved or addressed by changing social or economic structures and individual behavior (Bruckmeier, 2009). Sustainability also seems impossible to achieve in entirety, both due to its complex nature as well as the divergent approaches to defining and assessing it. Hence, while some sustainability objectives can be easily achieved, others need further control over extraneous factors of society and environment. Sustainability is in this sense an ab stract concept; humanity appears still to come terms with even some of the problems that endanger future generations. While sustainability is multifaceted and no single definition or assessment can serve all purposes, it encompasses two definite dimensions, viz. human and ecological. But, the very concept of sustainability is vague and a still-evolving theoretical construct. 3. Why sustainability is necessary Several authors have written upon sustainability and why it is needed. Their works differ in the way they view the problems facing the world and its life forms. However, broadly speaking, sustainability encompasses social, environmental and economic dimensions. Sustainability is necessary to resolve the problems caused by unplanned civilization growth and the diverse and unbalanced political, economic and social policies pursued by governments across the world. It is also a theoretical approach to address the problems caused by human interactions with nature over centuries of expansion of the human civilization. Spangenberg (2007, pp. 2-5) aptly summarizes the key problems facing human life and global ecology in one of his many background papers for sustainability conferences as being constituted of four key issues. One is the overuse of the environment and the consequent threat to the stability of systems supporting life itself. Another is the undervaluing of labor in different pa rts of the world as also the skewed distribution of incomes causing widening economic gap between haves and have-nots. A third is the way business enterprises follow a path of cost-cutting in tackling future problems though old strategies; new innovative strategies are ignored and old ones like mergers, restructuring, etc. are persisted with. The fourth and last is the crisis of legitimization caused by untrustworthy decision makers who can not ensure common good of society. Spangenberg also highlights several ways in which life on earth is threatened. Thus, according to him, there is massive degradation of marine resources that in turn impact fisheries, the threat to agricultural productivity due to deforestation and loss in fertility of the soil, the threat to human water supplies and utility of land for agriculture use due to depleting ground water levels and increasing ground water pollution, the loss of biodiversity due to massive felling of entire forests, the continuing loss in forest value, forest dieback and lake acidification, the danger to human health and decreased agricultural and marine produce owing to the phenomenally high rate of depletion of stratospheric ozone, the high economic costs caused by increasing temperature, increasingly unpredictable natural calamities, weather fluctuations and rainfall pattern changes which are again all caused by accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (2007, p. 2). One of the most comprehensive efforts at achieving sustainability is outlined by the INES (INES, 1996) which advocates the development of sustainability through protecting the integrity of the biosphere by practicing sustainable agriculture and forestry, preserving marine life and biodiversity, and by protecting nature via networks. It also advocates the efficient use of resources through social innovation, better resource allocation and efficient new technologies. The INES also emphasizes self-reliance, participatory democracy, fair tr ade, and peace and non-violence as being other essential features of sustainability. Obviously and as is commonly acknowledged, attempts to achieve sustainability seek to limit resource use so as to conserve renewable as well as non-renewable resources, reduce pollution of water, soil and air, control wastes through efficient recycling, control population, protect biodiversity in nature, establish democratic and social justice principles, implement basic human necessities and establish proper decision making systems, among others. However, sustainability is still only an effort at achieving ecological, economical and social objectives. It attempts to address issues like environmental pollution, economic sustainability of individuals, organizations and nations, as also seeks to attain social equity. In as much as sustainability concerns itself with improving and sustaining human life and its quality, it impacts a host of sectors like roads and transportation, environment, business pr ocesses, biodiversity, technology, industrial waste management, organizational strategy, and so on. Sustainability issues also relates to local, regional, national or global needs and aspirations. Local needs may or may not reflect global or national concerns; they may also indicate broader macro objectives of both governments and the global human community. Regional concerns may also often be perceived as being key decision making issues for successful sustainability achievement. However, global concerns encompassing environment, economy and society form a common ground on which all sustainability efforts, whether local, regional or national, are essentially based upon. Thus extant literature touches upon various sustainable concerns like land use sustainability, water use sustainability, natural resources sustainability, sustainability of special communities, sustainability or flora and fauna, sustainability of petroleum resources, and so on, although they reflect more of an ideal concept of sustainability achievement rather than a practically attainable concept. 4. Sustainability in organizations Earlier research (Friedman, 1970) point to a fundamental trade-off between a firms economic performance and its social engagement while it is commonly acknowledged that voluntarily engaging in social outcome may not hold sufficient or necessary incentives for a business firm to prefer such social engagement over its avowed policy of economic gratification. However, current ethical and social responsibility initiatives of modern firms belie this perception, although the adoption of social objectives may afford long term economic benefits to a firm. A business enterprise generally moves through six stages when it transforms itself towards sustainability (Dunphy, 2003). The first stage is that of rejection of negative impacts or the flouting of laws. The second stage is one of non-responsiveness of the firm to sustainability needs. Instead, during this phase, the firm follows a path of short-term profitability. However, in such a state, firm stand to lose their bearings in the alterin g market landscape and change management may often be too late in reversing declines. The next stage is that of compliance, when the firm builds upon its social and market reputation or brand as well as counters risks by following regulations and by respecting relevant laws. In the fourth stage, firms follow a path of operating and cost efficiency in the backdrop of its larger social objectives. In the penultimate or fifth stage of transformation, the firm follows a central policy of sustainability adoption and stresses on innovative processes, practices of systems. In the last or sixth stage, the firm tries to sustain itself. Such a sustainability objective transcends limiting and narrower economic considerations. Again, a firm also adopts suitable strategies for achieving such sustainability. Various scholars outline different strategies for achieving sustainability by a business enterprise. Thus, three traditional strategies for achieving sustainability are ecologically based and include an efficiency strategy, a sufficiency strategy and a consistency strategy (Huber, 1995). The efficiency strategy attempts to reduce material and energy consumption during production phase. A consistency strategy tries to maintain quality of output or products in a process. Such a strategy achieves quality and replaces existing noxious materials with naturally formed substances. Under the sufficiency strategy, the use of products by end-users or customers is optimized. Still other researchers mention four distinct types of sustainability strategies: a defensive strategy that minimizes risks, and is oriented towards society; an offensive transformative strategy that is also society oriented and tries to create new markets for society; the efficiency strategy is also defensive and oriented to the market since it focuses on improving productivity; the last type of strategy or innovative strategy is also an offensive one and attempts to achieve value additions for the customers in a sustainable market (Bieker and Dyllick, 2006). In addition to the three traditional strategies as outlined by Huber (1995), other research (Schaltegger Burritt, 2005) identifies four more competitive strategies with broader societal leanings. One is the sustainability market buffering strategy that attempts to define defensive business goals. This strategy views environmental and social concerns as threats to business and mainly tries to reduce existing legal regulations as well as prevent further ones from being formulated. The sustainability cost strategy is also environmentally and socially oriented, more of a compliance strategy and only attempts to fulfill the firms related obligations. The sustainability differentiation strategy recognizes that a firm needs to adopt suitable product or price differentiation in order for it to stay competitive and sustainable. The firm builds strategies via innovation, which afford it economical gains t and also builds up its brand value. The sustainability market development strategy tries and builds markets for the sustainable products of the firm. A firm following such a strategy tries to promote products sustainability, advocates stronger regulatory environment and also tries to change its approach towards business the customers (Schaltegger and Burritt, 2005). There is also a concept of corporate sustainability used frequently by organizational strategists. Thus some research points to such a corporate sustainability as being related to the sustainability as contributed by a corporation (Dentchev, 2004). Experts view two types of such corporate sustainability. One is the weak corporate sustainability which emphasizes that sustainable efforts should help creating total wealth that should not reduce with time (Atkinson, 2000). The total wealth is used to refer to the totality of social, economic and environmental value as created by corporations. Other experts view weak corporate sustainability as facilitating loss in environmental value to be compensated by social or economic values (Reinhardt, 2000), when the total value is stagnant or increasing; indeed, according to this view, weak corporate sustainability depicts a sustainable firm as being one that creates value when measuring costs and revenues at social opportunity costs (p. 30). Social costs can include private costs (e.g., capital and labor costs) and costs not directly reflected by market prices (p.27) Again, strong corporate sustainability means physical protection of absolute levels of natural assets implying that natural assets cater to complex ecological functions which are significant for maintaining and also such functions can not replace other assets (Atkinson, 2000). The weak sustainability concept depicts an economical concept of the sustainability discourse (Aguirre, 2002), whereas strong sustainability relates to environmental concerns. Again, others (e.g., Gladwin et al, 1995) view strong corporate sustainability a s being eco-centric. 5. Problems in achieving sustainability Several authors observe that sustainability considerations without including population control measures appear to render sustainability as a theoretical construct. Such authors view population control as a necessary precondition for ay sustainability strategy to succeed and also that, sustainability is just a fragile and simplistic theoretical construct when it emphasizes measures for managing land-use patterns and ideology while at the same time neglecting population increases (Wilson, 1995, p. 65). Again, Appleton observes succinctly that sustainability can be pursued in various ways, can even be achieved partially or to slight degrees, but can never be achieved definitely (2006, p.3-18). The reasons why sustainability is more theory than a practical proposition needs further explanation which this paper attempts to do. One theory has it that material resources are fast depleting on the earth and that sustainability or sustainable development can be achieved if maximum recycl ing of materials be possible or if materials being processed be limited in quantity over a specified time period. Thus, while economic growth is facilitated by increased use and consumption of resources, sustainability appears to succeed if the resources use is minimized. Bartlett observes that increased economic growth implies increased consumption of scarce non-renewable resources which goes against the basic sustainability principle (Bartlett, 2005, p. 27). Again he avers that population growth can not be sustained in a society and sustainability becomes more difficult of achievement, the larger the population (p. 35). Likewise, Spangenberg (2007, p. 15) too highlights how sustainability requires stakeholder integration, sharing of responsibilities and a need for a consensual approach to resolving problems, which in practice is quite difficult to achieve. Consensus also seems difficult to achieve due to differences in approach to adopting suitable measures for tackling the proble ms. Consensus also often fails with regard to facilitating better distribution of available resources since much of the same are the result of natures distribution and basically inequitable so as to hinder a unified approach to sustainability. Indeed, the achievement of sustainability requires the establishment of increased distributional justice as well as social care (Zeigler, 2003). Again, Spangenberg aptly observes that critical factors that can aid sustainability efforts to succeed include the adoption of innovative new processes, as also the political willingness to confront or withstand vested interests that threaten to disrupt unified and required sustainability goals (2007, p. 11). Several studies indicate multiple factors in modern organizations that serve to hinder the achievement of global sustainability. Since sustainability efforts involve rely on better and lesser use of energy and physical resources, use of recycling of resources and innovative new processes, meas ures for tackling pollution of water, soil and air by production firms, reducing income disparities and protecting and overall sustaining all the life forms on the planet, the role of business enterprises in the global sustainability effort assumes critical significance. However, there are several problems and drawbacks that plague business enterprises and which prevent the achievement of successful sustainability outcomes. Such drawbacks in firms encompass marketing, financial, etc. dimensions. Market awareness of sustainability and environmental issues are unequal amongst B2B, B2C and B2G sectors. Markets are also still price-denominated and there are few market incentives as yet to promote sustainable development. Environment policies need to be flexible and oriented towards the future. Embedded systems and traditional processes also render sustainability efforts difficult to attain. For effective change to occur so as to facilitate sustainable development, huge capital is also n ecessary. This too acts as a high barrier to suitable adoption of newer products or processes that can successfully align business practices with a global sustainability policy. There is also a lack of vision and commitment in senior management in organizations which also prevent a quicker adoption of sustainable practices within the organization. In a situation where change in organizational systems or practices require both high commitment and huge capital, lack of commitment and a sustained effort by stakeholders can not serve to achieve sustainability. Additionally, the management of enterprises often adopt short-term business oriented views rather realize and implement policies or processes for achieving larger goals of society. Again, a viable and uniform definition of sustainability is difficult to attain and underscores such basic differences which effectively prevents the adoption of a successful and consensual approach to resolving complex sustainability issues. Sustainabi lity is rendered all the more unachievable in as much as businesses are driven by self-interest and are obsessed by profit motive, governments tackle the problem in a disjointed manner, and individual decisions can impact the whole larger issue negatively. Also, governments all over the world technical, scientific, economic and social expertise to act upon key sustainability issues (Blackmore, 2001). Again, government regulators and law-enforcers often are corrupted and unwilling to implement key sustainability oriented policies. Hence, laws formulated to tackle sustainability issues and effected through the various treaties, constitutional provisions, and statutory rules and regulations are often not adhered to at local, regional or national levels; such laws are also not supported by adequate powers for effecting sanctions, monitoring or enforcement (Sunstein, 1997). Indeed, many authors argue for better accountability instead of pursuing sustainability, which appears to be an imp ossible dream (Barnhizer, 2006, p. 19). Elsewhere Barnhizer also avers that sustainability relating to the environmental, human rights and ecological aspect is unconnected with the actual human systems that are responsible for ensuring better economic growth and stable political order (2006, p. 17). Other research (Waldrop, 1992) also highlights another important aspect of human efforts to tackle sustainability issues; he says that narrow and short term objectives of those in political power across the world are mean that the political masters are unable to know in advance of the future catastrophes till the moment they occur by which time it is quite difficult and almost impossible to avoid the negative outcomes or significantly mitigated by any concerted political efforts. Several researchers (e.g., Yates, 1999) mention that most theoretical attempts to resolve sustainability problem issues are far removed from the reality of human systems as they exist. He avers that most such efforts at attaining sustainability emphasize changes to institutional systems and behavioral approaches of business which are very difficult to achieve, if at all they can be achieved in practicality. Also, even when such institutional or behavioral changes can be effected, there is a possibility of real crisis or collapse of systems to occur and which can effect to make political or other decision makers act in alignment with sustainability principles. Indeed, most attempts to tackle crisis also, when these do happen, are feeble and partial, necessitating critical support from governments as well as a mandated approach to regulating issues for successful sustainability achievement to occur. It is thus commonly a too little too late syndrome that negates all sustainability efforts to effectively tackle to any degree the negative consequences of such human-induced and highly degrading phenomenon of natural chaos or crisis (Yates, 1999). Barnhizer (2006, p. 18-22) too observes that problems in achieving sustainability have their roots in both natural as well as social systems. According to him, there is need to manage conflicting needs for providing social benefits, education, health care, pensions to the aged, and for alleviating poverty. Such a need entails availing massive funds in order to rectify wrongs that may have already been done to social, economic or environmental systems. Additional globalization and related problems like population growth, increasing transnational populations due to cross-border migration, the adoption of multicultural diversity, and a materialistic focus to life has changed human view of life and its quality. Urban locations are also increasingly becoming crowded as rural populations migrate to these places in search of better income levels, and coastal development needs massive investment, support infrastructure and supply sources. Also, increasing population, unbalanced distribution in population geographically and age demogra phics severely impact uniformity of adoption of similar sustainability measures all across the globe. Current economic systems are also more open, with information exchanges having facilitated the have-nots to better understand and aspire for what the haves possess in huge measure for rendering life of quality and comfort. Barnhizer therefore views such conditions as irreversible and such as to render a practical achievement of sustainability quite impossible and worth relegating to the refuse heap of history (2006, p. 21). He does acknowledge that some sustainability efforts can be successful in a limited way but can satisfy only a small finite population. However, he continues that local sustainability efforts cannot produce or be a part of a larger global or national effort at achieving sustainability. Again, he refers to organizational efforts at achieving sustainability over and above it profit goals as an impossible approach since business enterprises are only in existence to record more profits for its owners and shareholders. Relying on these profit-driven business enterprises for achieving nobler social goals as envisaged by sustainability advocates is both of lesser value and a predicator of non-achievement of larger sustainability outcomes (p. 41). More tellingly, he pinpoints the causes of the sorry state of sustainability achievement as the business systems and decisions made rather than on the decision makers themselves (p. 42). Elsewhere, he also avers that business enterprises run on investments and those who invest huge amounts of money want to get significant returns on their investments rather than on having their funds utilized for any social or long-term goals and this fact renders sustainable decision making quite irrelevant (p. 43). 6. A more optimistic view of sustainability The achievement of sustainability has been viewed with pessimism by many experts. The views of such experts go to support the view that sustainability is a mirage rather than actually achievable. The Brundtland Commission did not help matters any, although it still remains a defining agent for promoting global sustainability management, when it treated the population issue partially or not at all. Indeed, any attempt to tackle un-sustainability appears seriously lacking in effort as per the accounts of several eminent researchers and authors (e.g., Bartlett, 2005). Nonetheless, sustainability is actively promoted by governments and nations as well as rights groups and business organizations of repute. Thus, one hears of various sustainability initiatives like green technology, green supply chain, green architecture, green taxes, etc. Indeed, sustainability as an organizational vision and as followed by senior management in reputed organizations and business concerns is getting to b e quite common of occurrence. The achievement of actual sustainability hinges on the narrow or broad approach to sustainability that is envisioned by the management decision makers and the interactions of various organizational resources and the various stakeholders both internal and external, and some evident and some not at all evident- that constitute the complex organizational systems in modern firms. Often enough, management treats sustainability as a vision and ca not put it into concrete shape or direction. The traditional economic goals also hinder an active adoption of the sustainable goals envisioned by the management. However, many organizations have been somewhat successful in achieving objectives relating to sustainability within them. A global sustainability concept considers such operational or practical issues like focusing on social, economic and ecological growth, emphasis on social inter or intra generational equity, better integration of government policies, con tributing enhanced value to the environment, achieving responsibility of the global community, adopting a precautionary public policy, as also entail higher community participation in sustainable development. Advocates of sustainability preach a so-called triple bottom line that combines financial, social and environmental approaches. Successful sustainability achievement necessitates an approach laying equal emphasis on economic, social and environmental goals. However, in practice, this is often not achieved or achievable. Business organizations, for instance, are there to do business, and hence any notion of social sustainability is alien to firms following sound business principles of deriving optimum economic returns on capital employed. However, studies also indicate that, in the long term, one has to follow the triple bottom line approach for sustaining the very environment, economy and social structure in which business enterprisers operate. Achieving sustainability, therefo re, is more a critical need rather than an option to pursue or not to pursue. 7. Conclusion While sustainability or sustainable development is an idealized concept rather than has been practically achieved, it is also true that individuals, firms, societies, nations, governments, human rights advocates and the global community at large cannot remain immune to changes and evolving patterns in their social, financial, ecological and real-life environment. Emerging technologies as well as new streams of knowledge and innovation management are increasingly perceived as having the ability to solve many problem issues facing the human race, and not only in a limited environment that a business entity consists of. Indeed, business enterprises are only a small but significant part of a larger global community that can positively or negatively impact its environment; the intrinsic cause and consequence characteristic effect of nature can not be negated in the present or in the future by any means and perhaps, ultimately, the fight to assure as well as sustain human life and its qu ality for a finite or infinite period of time is dependant on the ways the various participants in the global community interact among themselves. Various regulatory or mandatory controls only serve to emphasize the fragile and fickle nature of humans; ideology is but the basic driver of all sustainability efforts that can well make practical efforts in the field a success. The real test for humans lies in the far or not so far future when, perhaps, everyone finds that it is already too late to reverse the final demise of humanity. At such time, the question of whether sustainability is a social construct and an impossible dream or if at all it can be practically achieved, would in all probability cease to have any meaning whatsoever.
Tuesday, May 12, 2020
Islamic Banking And Impact Of Two Tier Mudarabah Finance Essay - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3278 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? The Term Bank is an Italian driven banca which is derived from German means bench or counter, as Florentine bankers used to use the Benches as their desks with green desk cloths on it for making their activities of transactions. Bank can be defined as a financial institution or organizations permitted by financial authority within a government body or government itself to undertake deposits, pay interests, lend money to the borrowers. The term Bank is also defined as An organization, usually a corporation, chartered by a state or federal government, which does most or all of the following: receives demand deposits and time deposits, honours instruments drawn on them, and pays interest on them; discounts notes, makes loans, and invests insecurities; collects checks, drafts, and notes; certifies depositors checks; and issues drafts and cashiers checks. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Banking And Impact Of Two Tier Mudarabah Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Presently the word bank is referred to a financial institution which bears a Banking License which could be granted by authorities who supervise the financial institution and allow rights to perform the banking service. Bank is an institution transecting the business of accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment, of deposits of money from the public repayable on demand or otherwise, and withdraw able by cheques, draft order or otherwise and includes any post office saving bank Negotiable Instruments Act (1881) Banks offer different services depend on their country they are based in and its type. But usually banks accepts deposits from the common public, lends money to individuals or companies, issues cheques, converts cheques into cash, and managing valuables of its customers. Banks also borrows money by allowing deposits on current accounts and issues the same as banknotes or bonds. Banking involves lending money to its customers on current accounts which is allowed t o be returned in instalments for which banks charge interests. ISLAMIC BANKING Evolution of Islamic Banking Islamic banking is a system of financial activities where transactions are perform as per the Islamic Law which is also called as Sharia Law which prohibits accepting or paying interests (Riba) for loans on money lend and also forbids investments into the businesses which perform the activities of providing goods and services which is considered to be against principles of Sharia. During the period of Prophet Mohammed (PBUH), the limited banking activity started with the followers used to deposit their money with the prophet or with the first Khalif of Islam Abu Bakr Siddique. In Islamic Golden Age where free markets were exists in the business activities and where the term mercantilism and market economy was introduced which is used to be referred as Islamic Capitalism. In this era of caliphate and Islamic capitalism a various forms of techniques and financial concepts were used in Islamic Banking like the mufawada (partnership) , mudaraba (limited partnerships), bills of excha nge and the concept of capital ( al-mal) and other concepts like waqfs ( trusts) , loaning, transactions recording (ledgers) etc. Later in the year 1972 the first contemporary Islamic bank was introduced named as Nassers Social Bank and in this year the essential tool the Islamic bank Islamic accounting have came into existence at the University of Cairo. progressively this trend was not limited to the arab world and was spread through out the world. Most of the Islamic countries formed banks which operate on the basis of Sharia Law. The system of Islamic Banking is not only limited to concepts and terms rather it has transformed the system and model into a full fledged system and business. Due to the current financial problems of the world economies and their answer through the old economic systems like capitalism, socialist and mixed economics which is proved to be difficult or impossible leading to many economical ills , poverty and imbalances in social and economical justice s, unemployment and many other problems , the world has diverted their attention to solve this issue a renewed interest has been shown in the way the Islamic financial system works, as Islamic economic system obligates the service to man, joined hands co-operation among people , faith in god , and equality in society, and these fundamentals and principles have been laid down by the quran and the Prophet Muhammed (PBUH). Islamic Banking system must adhere to the Islamic principles related to business and financial activities in which it is prohibited to invest or involve in any activity which includes alcohol, gambling etc. and also profit and loss sharing is not equal. Modern Islamic banking In the late 40s the restructuring of banking system based on profit sharing and not the interest exists with Anwar Qureshi (1946), Nayeem Siddiqi (1948) and Mahmud Ahmed (1952). These personalities stressed to have all reformation in commercial banking with the theory of Mudarabha the Profit and Loss distribution model. Last few decades has witnessed in wider implementation of interest- free banking. And Shariah based assets touched around $400 billion through out the globe (2009), Saudi Arabia, Iran and Malaysia have the biggest sharia based assets, with Iranian banks accumulated for around 40% of the overall assets of the top Islamic banks around the world. The assets of Bank Melli Iran have reached $45.5 billion and Saudi Arabia based bank Al Rajhi Bank and Bank Mellat reached with $39.7 Billion. Islamic banking involves in the same activities as commercial banking but as per the shariah law called as Fiqh al-Maumalat (Transaction Rules), the core rule of Islamic banking is that of profit and loss distribution The fundamental code of Islamic banking is the distribution of profit and loss and the prevention ofÃâà ribaÃâà (usury). Common terms used in Islamic banking includeÃâà profit sharingÃâà (Mudharabah), safekeeping (Wadiah),Ãâà joint ventureÃâà (Musharakah), cost plus (Murabahah), andÃâà leasingÃâà (Ijar). Transactions related to mortgage in Islamic system is done by not allowing the buyer to take the money to buy the item instead the bank buys the item direct from the seller and sell it back to the buyer at a profit and giving provision to the buyer to clear the money to the bank in instalments. This system does not allow explicit profit to the bank , and hence there is no additional fines or penalties for paying late to the bank. The ownership of the item or property is directly registered in the name of the buyer during the initial step of the transaction itself. This process of transaction is cal led Murabaha. The loaning for vehicles are done in such a way that the vehicle is sold at a higher price then the existing market price to the debtor and the ownership retains with the bank until the loan is paid. Some banks also apply Musharaka al-Mutanaqisa an approached which allows a balanced price in the shape of letting. In this approach the bank and the borrower forms a partnership in which they provide the capital on a predefined percentage to buy the land or property. The property is then rented out to the borrower and charges rent. An inventive approach functional by a few banks for home loans, calledÃâà Musharaka al-Mutanaqisa, agree to, for a balanced rate in the form of letting. The bank and borrower form a joint venture entity, both providing funds at a settled ratio to buy the assets. The partnership unit then lease out the property to the borrower and charge lease. The partnership between two parties, both of them provide capital towards the financing of a project. Both parties share profits on a pre-agreed ratio, but losses are shared on the basis of equity participation. Management of the project is carried out either by either parties or any one of them. Mudarabah Mudarabah is a particular type of partnership where one partner gives funds to Another for spend it in a business project. The funds comes from the first partner who is called rabb-ul-mal, whereas the administration and labor is an elite accountability of the other, who is called mudarib. Under this approach the venture capital funding for a business which gives the labor and the financing is done by the bank and the profit and loss are shared equally. This participation of both the parties by arranging the capital and labor reflects the Islamic approach of not allowing only one party to share the profit and other bearing the loss in case of failure and ensuring the balanced distribution of profits. Under this partner ship one party provides money to other to invest in a commercial enterprise. The first party who invest the money is called as rabb-ul-mal, and the administration and labor is the only accountability of the other partner known as mudarib. It is nothing but a profit sharing contract in which 100 % of the investment is done by one party and the other party provides with knowledge and manage the project. Profits are shared as per the pre defined ratios. Business of Mudarabah: The one system of Mudarabah is that the rab-ul-mal may direct the mudarib to use his investment for a particular business specified by the rub-ul-mal and this is called al-mudarabah al-muqayyadah. In case the Rab-ul-mal leaves upon the Mudarib to utilize his capital for any business as per the mudarib then it is called al Al-Mudarabah al- Mutlaqah. Contract can be done by the rabul-mal in mudarabah with one mudarib or more by one transaction. For example the rubul-mal can give money to A and B , where both the A and B can act as mudarib for him and the capital invested will be used by both A and B and the share will be distributed among A and B as per the pre agreed ratio. In this type of activity both the mudaribs act and work as partners in the venture which is considered to be normal business trade, and if they want to go beyond the business activity they should get the permission from the rabul-mal. Profit Loss Sharing: The profit sharing agreement should be done at the beginning of the contract and should be explicitly defined for a valid mudarabah. It is left on the mutual concent of the parties involved by the shariah. There should not be any particular amount of money be set for any of the partner and should be equally shared among the mudaribs. For instance if there is a capital of à £ 100000/- it is forbidden to set a condition of sharing a specific amount of profit among mudarib or to be given to rabul-mal rather it can be decided that 40% of the actual profit shall be shared by mudarib and rest of 60% with by rabul-mal or vice-verca. However it is considered to be void in mudarabah to set an proportion of profit at the beginning of the venture, if the rabul-mal directs the mudarib to utilize the capital in a trade which is specified by the rabul-mal. As per the pre defined share of the profit the mudarib is not entitled for any salary or fee or remuneration for the work and time he spe nds in the venture. However Imam Ahmad allowed the mudarib to get the expenses related to his food from the mudarabah account, but the Hanafi sect has restricted this for the mudarib to get the expenses only if he is out of his town on business trip If the business goes into loss in certain transactions and gain profit in some then the profit acquired shall be used to offset the loss incurred at first then the remaining of the profit shall be shared among the parties as per the agreed ratio. Termination of Mudarabah: The termination of contract in mudarabah can be done at any time by any of the two parties; the only condition is to serve with a notice prior to the termination to the party. And if at the time of termination all the assets of mudarabah is in cash and some profit exists then it should be shared among the parties as per the agreed proportion. And in case the assets are not in cash then the mudarib shall be entitled to sell or liquidate the assets in order to ascertain the actual profit to be distributed. There are different views among the Muslim scholars about the contract of mudarabh termination after a period specified. Hanafi and Hanbali shares with view of mudarbah can be restricted to a specific time period of one year or half year which could be terminated after completion of this period without notice. On other had shafai and Maliki have the different opinion and they say that mudarabah should not be restricted for a specific period. However there is no proper answer to this with the Islamic fiqh, but the general principles are used where in there is no time period is fixed and each party is free to terminate the contract after giving notice. With no proper time period set for termination of mudarabah there creates a problems in the present markets as most business activities rely on time period for fruitful results with implying proper efforts and hardworking. If the rabul-mal terminates the contract in mudarabah at the beginning of the contract there could be any profit or earning for the mudarib. And if there is some agreement between at the starting of mudarabah that no party shall stepbacks during the contract period and which does not violate the principles of Shariah and adheres to the famous hadith as All the conditions agreed upon by the muslims are upheld, except a condition which allows what is prohibited or prohibits what is lawful (sunan Abu Dawood, 1981), then it could bring some fruitful results. Two-Tier Mudaraba The concept of two-tier Mudarabah was initially used by Islamic Banking. The model is structured for the Islamic banks to engage in two mudaraba activities, the first one with the depositors and the other one is with the person who gives finances. The first Mudaraba is between the bank and the client with surplus capital (depositors) and the second one is between the bank and the clients who require financing. In the first tier Mubaraba contract among the depositors and the Bank , the deposits acts as rabul-mal and the Islamic Bank as the Mudarib. The depositors who act as rabul -mal invest their money into the bank without guarantee of their principal and a return on the profit of their money used by banks on their behalf. And as per mudaraba and pre agreed proportion the losses and profits have to be shared with the Islamic Bank. In tier two Mudarabah between the Islamic banks which provides the finance and act as the Rabul-mal and the receiver of finance from the bank a cts as the Mudarib. In this tier the losses incurred by any misuse by the mudarib has to be shared by the Bank and if any profits generated then both shall share as per the pre agreed ratio. Islamic economists developed this concept as trustworthy substitute to saving accounts. The model of two-tier Mudaraba serves as the bank as the middlemen for the depositors and the customers who need finance and who is able to get a sufficient outcome preventing the depositors money from risk. As the Islamic banks posses the liability for any losses incurred which is ultimately suffered by the depositors, and this reason made the use of this type of mudabarah in limited in practice. The other drawback with the two tier Mudaraba is that it is not only the depositors principal is at risk but also suffer many swings in the profit they get from their deposits. 10.0 Consequences in Two-tier Mudarabah Model In spite of the sound profit potential of mudarabah financing theory, and skill to confront the interest based structure, the method might not construct a infiltrate modify in contemporary Islamic finance. It did blossom as a deposit collect system by means of the Islamic financial institutions. For illustration, mudarabah companies multiplied quick, particularly in Pakistan. However these companies might not discover business investment opportunities adequate to take up mass of the deposits they expected. They were bound, in logic, to make funds in approximate buying and selling of shares at the stock markets. One of the main realistic troubles with mudarabah is the irregular nature of the risks implicated. For the bank depositor the key risks were of bank failure and the uncertainty (gharar) concerning the stage of revenue to be shared. With efficient bank rule the danger of bank letdown was negligible on the other hand, and uncertainty still applies to up-and-down interest retur ns, so this was improbable to frighten depositors, certainly it was the small danger they take that acceptable their repayment. The extra severe difficulty by means of mudarabah arises by bank finance of industry, when there be no security that the bank might get their finances repaid. In addition the danger of getting no earnings was substantial, particularly by means of the kind of small business so as to differentiate a lot of Muslim financial system. There are furthermore ethical risk problems, as business possibly will potentially cover the earnings they prepared to reduce the profits shared, particularly wherever full audits are not obligatory. This is the most important hinder grounds Islamic banking and finance to go after the path of slightest confrontation moreover to obtain protection in the irresponsible exercise of Islamic delayed compulsion deal. The form with the intention of might have face the conventional banking if carefully set up let to be unsuccessful. Prese ntly, Islamic banks have practically no position for mudarabah agreement in their Islamic goods or set of choices. In Malaysia by the end of 2003, mudarabah accounts for 0 percent of total banking goods. Soaring non-payment in mudarabah agreement comprise for all time exists the difficulty meant for Islamic banks. However, in my view bank must take up a accurate procedure to assess the mudarib as well as business enterprise that it mean to spend. The normal technique of range of mudarib or industry must be capable to recognize the largely credit worthy clientele and feasible businesses. 11. Conclusion The apparatus and organization of profit distribution under financial assistance, identified as mudarabah be essential toward source enlistment within the Islamic trade and industry order. Mudarabah is the mainly adequate structure of apparatus which is support on shirkah or profit distribution. Interest occured on the investment, is in infringement of shariah do not symbolize price of production. Designed for that because Islam highly promotes profit distribution which mudarabah plays a very important role of direct the excess funds to arrears part in contemporary Islamic banking and finance. The two-tier mudarabah forms characterize an supreme form of economic intermediation with the aim of replacing the interest based structure. Interest based system being unfair, do not presume any hazard of provided the investment despite the consequences of the result of project. The interest behavior mechanism consequently directs the financial system in to an incompetent condition go up against to profit sharing that is engage in price conception. Justice is greatest guarantee by profit distribution agreement as plunder are a purpose of realize output that direct to every one of the concerned parties. In to facilitate, Islamic bank as a deposits accept establishment be different from a conventional at this point of time, where to facilitate entrepreneurs to split the hazard. Regardless of the information it is regarded as a powerful characteristic of Islamic finance, form have been strike by main obstacle that might observe Islamic banks additional abandon to perform. Islamic banking practice in mudarabah have not been good. On the other hand, the reimbursement of practicing two-tier mudarabah form outweighs its shortcoming. Islamic banks must not fail to notice this issue and keep away from irresponsible practice of delayed agreement. Shirkah agreement has constantly been experienced by Muslims; consequently present Islamic banks a appropriate form to engage in fi nancial conciliator function.
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Supernatural Free Essays
Annie (Lenore Critical) who Is an emotionally fragile ghost (Icemaker 35). All three of these supernatural monsters live In an apartment together In Bristol while trying to live normal lives (Icemaker 35). I think you should take out this whole sentence ââ¬â However, their so-called normal lives conflict with their supernatural lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Supernatural or any similar topic only for you Order Now The series shows Mitchell, George, and Annie trying to lead double lives by attempting to be a part of the human world as well as the supernatural world. Their human flaws however, become evident In their supernatural worlds. The characters are faced tit many challenges while managing to be a part of both worlds, through which they realize that they are actually being given a second chance at life. In Being Human UK, Mitchell, George, and Annie are creatures that are ââ¬Å"fusions of a person with counterintuitive propertiesâ⬠(Petersen 94). Their supernatural lives are burdened with the flaws from their previous lives. Mitchell, as a human, took advantage of his good looks and used people. When he becomes a vampire, the ultimate user, and has the desire to drink blood and kill people, he realizes he needs to change. One of the first ways he tries to change is by refraining from drinking blood. He does not want to use people because only death will come from it. On the other hand, George, as a human, did not have any confidence and was socially awkward, especially around women. Becoming a werewolf allowed him to realize that he needs to stop being afraid of the outside world and develop enough confidence to be himself around others. Mitchell even states that George needs to be able to turn into a werewolf inside their house and accept who he is. Watch clip and cite quotation). Annie in her previous life had everything going for her. She went to university, met the love of her life Owen (Greg Chilled), and was happily engaged. She was determined to always get what she wanted. Now as a ghost, only Mitchell and George can see her and she is finding It difficult to accept that her fiance has moved on and she is no longer in control (Lowry 1). Through her ghostly existence, she starts to realize that she can be Independent and happy without Owens presence. All three of these characters ââ¬Å"support each other In an effort to be as normal as possibleâ⬠and are faced with conflicts because of their double lives (Lowry ). This BBC show allows viewers to witness the characters learning about second chances. Mitchell ââ¬Å"double Identity and ââ¬Ënormalââ¬â¢ aspects of his personally are what attract us to his character (Petersen 105). Throughout the series he Is faced with situations that require him to decide which world he wants to be a part of. One of his struggles, as a vampire, is when he has to decide whether he wants to convert people because of another woman he converted. Here, Mitchell was perplexed by the choice of letting Laura die or saving her life by turning her into a vampire. George yells at Mitchell to do something because she is dying but Mitchell responds by saying ââ¬Å"Not another one I canââ¬â¢tâ⬠and allows Laura to die (Being Human 1. 1). Mitchell also does not want to seem suspicious, so he tries everything he can to be perceived as ââ¬Ënormalââ¬â¢. In the second episode in season one Mitchell invites their neighbors over for tea to ââ¬Å"participate and Join humanityââ¬â¢ (Being Human 1. 2). In episode two season one, Georgeââ¬â¢s transformation is described in great detail and is compared to a human suffering a heart attack (show clip in class). Also, there have been several instances where George says he does not want anything to do with his supernatural life, showing that he is quite ashamed of it and would much rather be human. For example, he says, ââ¬Å"l onto want to allow it into my lifeâ⬠¦. ââ¬Ë like to keep things separate, the house is the house and the thing that happens to me every month is something else. I transformed here last month and it doesnââ¬â¢t belong hereâ⬠(Being Human 1. 2). The house that they all live in is where George feels most comfortable with himself because he uses it as a coping mechanism to deal with his supernatural nature and to pretend he is still a part of humanity. When it comes to Annie, her conflicts with the supernatural world and with humanity reside in the fact that she ââ¬Å"does not know why she remains trapped in the unman realmâ⬠and as a ghost she Just wants people to be able to see her (Lowry 1). Throughout the show, these characters are always struggling with living their double lives because all they want to do is be a part of the normal human world and be Just like everybody else. Nannies two worlds are colliding because she does not know why she is still haunting her ex fiancegââ¬â¢s house and she constantly struggles with the fact that she is a ghost. She is miserable because she recently passed away due to falling down the stairs. The one thing that she wants more than anything is to be able to live her life again and be with her fiance. A few things that Annie does to pretend that she is still ââ¬Å"aliveâ⬠involve continuing doing her daily ââ¬Å"humanâ⬠routine. For example, she makes tea everyday to make her feel like she is still alive. George comments and says, Mimi keep making tea, every surface is covered with mugs of tea no tea, it has all been made. And you canââ¬â¢t even drink it. â⬠Annie responds by saying ââ¬Å"l like my routine, it makes me feel normalâ⬠(Being Human 1. 2). )(maybe show clip). Throughout many episodes Annie is always doing certain routines that she would have done when she was alive such as cleaning, catering to Mitchell and Georgeââ¬â¢s deeds, and making food for them. Another conflict that Annie faces involves trying to resolve why she is still a ghost and is still a part of the physical realm. It isnââ¬â¢t until episode three season one, when Annie meets Gilbert, (Alex Price) a ghost from the assââ¬â¢s, that she finally uncovers the reason behind her prolonged existence. Overall, Mitchell, George, and Nannies supernatural lives give them a second chance to figure out something about themselves that they never resolved while they were still living as humans. Their supernatural lives are a ââ¬Å"source of identification in which new grounds for selectors can be foundâ⬠(Petersen 98). Mitchell realizes that he wants to become a better person and stops relying on his good looks to get him places. One of the victims that made him realize his personality faults was his co- worker named Lauren (giftedness). Mitchell mistakenly converted her to a life as a vampire. After watching her being so desperate to feed off people and watching her kill others, it made him realize he did not want his vampire existence to be like hers. Therefore, he learns by watching Lauren, that there is more to life then Just looks, and that people deserve to be treated with respect. George learns that it is possible to have confidence in himself because of a werewolf named Tail(faded). When George found out that Tail was the one who turned him into a werewolf, he learned that he did not want to associate himself with other werewolves because they could not be trusted. By standing up to Tall, it gave George the courage he needed. This conflict with Tail allowed him to become a stronger person, and gave him the confidence to talk to women. Annie realizes with the help of Gilbert, that she is still around because there is something unresolved in her past life. When her memories start to mom back, she figures out she died because of her fiancà ©Ã¢â¬â¢s anger. (show clip in class). Her flange Owen treated her like property and is physically abusive. Unfortunately her fragility tells her that it is all her fault and that she had it coming. Nannies self realization shows that she was insecure and incapable of standing on her own two feet while she was with Owen. However, as a ghost she realizes that she can become independent and does not need Owen. Unfortunately, this realization does not allow her to move on to the next realm. Therefore she continues to exist with lessons still to learn. All three characters were given a second chance at life to redeem themselves so that they could become stronger and better beings. When it comes to Mitchell, George, and Annie as well as other supernatural beings, ââ¬Å"the recirculation of recognizable constructions of them implies that we should consider them as culturally successful and possibly impacting on our thoughtsâ⬠(Petersen 105). All of us can relate to Mitchell, George, and Annie because we have experienced some sort of arrogance, awkwardness, and self doubt. Matt Insist argued that science fiction and fantasy films ââ¬Å"attack reason, sell reenactmentââ¬â¢s fantasies, and undermine appreciation for science and supernatural horror transcends simple-minded repudiations of science(Collocation). How to cite Supernatural, Papers
Friday, May 1, 2020
Accounting Theory Effect on Positive Approach to Accounting Research
Question: Discuss about the Accounting theory and current issues ? Answer: Introduction The positive approach to accounting research has examined in this research. This research is intended to done to find out the causes and effect on positive approach to accounting research. In the context of accounting this research is done to find out the cause for the cause of face to face interaction is replaced by in-personal behaviors for making various decisions. The ontological and epistemological assumptions to find out the significance of positive accounting research, for this purpose the various empirical studies has been done in order to find out the significance of positive accounting theory (Zmijewsk,2012). The main argument that can be discussed to critic includes the ontology and epistemology of positive research, the theoretical model has discussed, measurement to test the theoretical model, shifting from testing to estimation of hypothesis, there is need of data archives for measuring important concept and finally the extensive replication needed. Article summarization The author of the study has claimed Positive Accounting Theory for conducting his related research. The paper is emphasizing on the broader view with the intention to develop the casual concept explaining the behavior of human in accounting setting other than the exist example. The examination of this program is based on ontology and epistemology. The rationale of measurable theory testing, while externally practically equivalent to Popper's misrepresentation basis, is substantially weaker. The program which has been used in the research is potentially powerful, the major problems that had identified in the research are the casual construction for the model to be tested, the undue reliance on hypothesis test logic has determined, lack of interest has identified in the parameter of the numerical values, the insufficient amount of replication has recognized, and the decision are based on the qualitative approach for examination rather to be tested on the basis of quantitative approach. Several of the good empirical studies has considered for the Illustration purpose (Chen, 2013). In accounting a positive approach is currently focused, in order to achieve the scientific objectives. Since the Kuhns portrayal of normal sciences has fits into the great positive accounting research. The probabilities are quickly talked about Kuhnian upheaval and crises to accomplish its potential which may be free of positive accounting. Research Question The research question has been formed as per according to the stated hypothesis in the given article which are stated as follows: Does there is the world exist which is independent to our imagination? Does the events are completely random or intervention of the world itself? Does the focus of intellectual enquiry is to use the observation which helps to gain the worlds understanding? Does the normal people are fairly obtaining the reliable information about worlds event? The author of the study has a keen focused on the events that has been occurred eventually or on interventional basis. The authors stated hypothesis and research questions are followed by literature review which is based on the positive accounting theories and its related issues. Theoretical framework The critics are done on the main points that has represented by the author of the study which is based on ontology and epistemology of positive research and its falsification and hypothesis testing. Positive Research in Accounting The author of the study said that positive accounting theory is a trademark term, it means that as compared to the other particular theories the positive research is found broader. After studying the empirical studies it has found an argumentative point that in differ types of organization the concept of accounting is are the main caused behind the self-interest of many parties that interact with one and other through express and implied contract. This is the factor which is not only encouraged by the organizations manger but the decision is also made by the regulator and other expert of academics (Huber, 2014). The author of the study said that these decisions are useful to the organization but rationally it is not linked with positive accounting theory. From the second empirical studied the author of the study is found to be in the support of the discussion, the author of the study has said that about 80% of the rational behavior is correct, but the examination might not be done on the exact basis. Its need to be concerned that without getting assuming the rational behavior how it could be possible for auditors to make judgments. From the empirical study it has been elaborated that the positive accounting theory are not found more border then positive accounting research. The causes which are defined due to the non-rational aspect of psychology of humans qualify positive which is considered as the scientific accounting research (Cato, 2016). Scientific ontology and epistemology According to the author of study it is presented that it is not necessary that all researches are qualified for the circumstances that positive accounting research dont find similar to the scientific accounting research. Some of the open question pursue under interpretive research. It has been found in the study that human rationality is socially- constructed therefore they cannot observe the world of its own circumstances, the description of other participant is also involve. It has been raised as an argumentative discussion that the program that has been constructing with the aim to fulfill the objectives is because of the accounting futile phenomena. It has been said in the argumentative discussion to the point that how advocated is the interpretive study of the presumptions of positive look (Bhaskar, 2013). The socially built nature of the truth is not an insuperable issue: termite hills and wolf packs are socially developed, yet are passably agreeable to logical review. Interpre tive evaluates contend that "people are distinctive," yet that is at present a matter of attestation instead of exact confirmation: we basically don't comprehend what lived encounters and shared implications go into the social development of a wolf pack (Lucas, 2014). Falsifications and Hypothesis Testing According to the author of the study it has been found that the proper criteria of the research are needed to be evaluated. The collection of data should be done by the evolvement of many scientific researches. A researcher needs to be well focused while evaluating whether to choose qualitative technique or quantitative techniques for conducting research. The author if the study stated that the accumulation of data can be suggested by sine other inductively but the author also defined that the induction is not the only possibility that make the theory correct. The author stated that the any kind of induction cannot be able to prove the theory. From the other empirical study it has found that the author is in the support the logic over the acceptance of various theories that evolved over the centuries and the popper is the base of understanding. Working regular researchers, when they consider logic of science by any stretch of the imagination, have a tendency to acknowledge Popper's p ortrayal as genuinely near what they do. Fundamentally, the system might be abridged as takes after: (a) Observe deliberately and create preparatory thoughts. (b) Develop a formal hypothesis, with testable expectations, that is reliable with all present important and solid experimental proof. The expectations require not be quantitative, but rather quantitative expectations are favored where conceivable in light of the fact that they are more powerless to distortion. (c) Test the expectations of the new hypothesis against new perceptions in circumstances where the new and old speculations make diverse expectations. Dismiss whichever hypothesis comes up short the test, once the result is clear (so that observational mistakes, for instance, can't drive the outcome). (d) Repeat steps (b) and (c) until the end of time Qualitative Positive Research The author of the study said in the argumentative way that numerous sciences are to a great extent or entirely quantitative, and sciences frequently move toward becoming more quantitative as they develop. Be that as it may, there are numerous respectable subjective sciences, (for example, plant science, geography and zoology); and some effective speculations, (for example, Darwin's hypothesis of development) are simply qualitative.16 It is a typical mix-up in the sociologies to expect that positive and quantitative research are the same, prompting significant perplexity in considering inquire about which is sure however subjective. The author from the other empirical studies supported a point in favors by stated as or, on the other hand all the relapse based reviews, what amount do we truly know concerning how reviewers, themselves, value a review? How do they decide a delicate offer and what recognizes the conduct also, introduction systems of review accomplices or firms with higher achievement rates in winning review tenders? What number of review firms values their reviews utilizing broad/point by point relapse conditions? Significance and limitation The author of the study found that the positive accounting theory is useful if the circumstances will focused significantly. It has found that the positive accounting theories are providing a base to demonstrate that target objective of accounting is achieved more efficiently by the implications of correct theory model. It has been analyzed that there is a need to focus on the quantitative approach as well instead of only making their focus strong on the qualitative measurement. The program that has been used in the research is seems potentially powerful. The positive approach is found useful for the organization in order to archive the target goals of accounting effectively. The author of the study found that the correct use of model and principle are essential for achieving the stated accounting goals. The limitations while conducting the research includes the limitation of time and cost. The limitation is faced while distributing the questionnaire. The biasness also occurred from the researchers side and it is totally unavoidable. The research is done in with the very limited scope because of the limited time frame. The answer of some question is not fully understandable there must be lackness in answering some questions. The margin of error is always associated. Conclusion The positive way to deal with accounting research has inspected in this exploration. This exploration is planned to done to discover the causes and impact on positive way to deal with accounting research. With regards to accounting this examination is done to discover the reason for the reason for eye to eye connection is swapped by in-individual practices for settling on different choices. The ontological and epistemological suppositions to discover the criticalness of positive accounting research, for this reason the different exact reviews has been done with a specific end goal to discover the hugeness of positive accounting hypothesis (Zmijewsk,2012). The fundamental contention that can be talked about to faultfinder incorporates the metaphysics and epistemology of positive research, the hypothetical model has examined, estimation to test the hypothetical model, moving from testing to estimation of speculation, there is need of information documents for measuring imperative idea lastly the broad replication required. The creator of the review has guaranteed Positive Accounting Theory for directing his related research. The paper is stressing on the more extensive view with the aim to build up the easygoing idea clarifying the conduct of human in accounting setting other than the exist case. The examination of this program depends on philosophy and epistemology. The method of reasoning of quantifiable hypothesis testing, while remotely essentially proportional to Popper's distortion premise, is considerably weaker. The program which has been utilized as a part of the exploration is possibly intense, the real issues that had distinguished in the exploration are the easygoing development for the model to be tried, the undue dependence on speculation test rationale has decided, absence of intrigue has distinguished in the parameter of the numerical qualities, the inadequate measure of replication has perceived, and the choice depend on the subjective approach f or examination rather to be tried on the premise of quantitative approach. A few of the great exact reviews has considered for the Illustration reason (Chen, 2013). In accounting a positive approach is right now engaged, with a specific end goal to accomplish the logical destinations. Since the Kuhn's depiction of ordinary sciences has fits into the considerable positive accounting research. The probabilities are immediately discussed Kuhnian change and emergencies to fulfill its potential which might be free of positive accounting. 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